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  • About Us
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Ephesus Study Trip for Expert Tour Guides for Private Ephesus Tours - Part 5

1/29/2021

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Why Ephesus was abandoned? This is one of the most frequently asked questions by travelers who are on private tours of Ephesus with guides.
​
City’s surroundings
City’s defense walls - later city walls and one of the gates of the city
How were the communication lines?
Where were the Graveyards?
Where were the Marble Quarries?
In this video he talks about the Types of Marble used in Ephesus.
According the researchers about marble and it's use in Ephesus, there are 35 different types of marble used in Ephesus Ancient City.
Among these 35 types some came from Italy, Egypt, Libya, Tunusia, Greek Islands. But mostly around Ephesus there are 25 marble quarries available.
​We found these quarries one by one, and studied at them.
​The pieces that were cut in the quarries are sent to the city half-proccessed. There are several reasons for that to eliminate the low quality ones at the quarry, they process it a little and if it doesn't brake it means it is safe to sue and to be sent to the city to be worked on.
​Most of the marble quarries are very near to the banks of River Kaystros. One of them that you can easily see is Kuşini Marble Quarry, this quarry is an exceptional because it is a Closed Quarry.
They opened it as a Gallery, they left column-like supports from the main bedrock, and went all the way below.

Near Pamucak Ephesus Princess Hotel, below that hotel there is a unbelievably big marble quarry.

In here, there is a question if Ephesus was abandoned after Arab attacks?
The answer is no, city started being relocated and gradually abandoned once the harbor started being silted up and city lost its financial status.
Now we are standing in front of the Great Theater of Ephesus Ancient City and talk about a late defense wall for the city that was built around 7th century AD against the Arab attacks.
And where we stand was supposed to be a gate for the Ephesus city.
Since there was a gate and a door over there you can see the striations of the chariots.
​The distance between two wheels can be measured and it is the standard today for the locomotives.

Now we are at the entrance of Terrace Houses Unit one look over Mt. Pion Hill and seeing the Hellenistic city Walls of Ephesus to protect the city.
The complete length of these walls is 9kms.
It can reach to 6 meters of width at some points and up to 10 meters of height.
In every 70 meters distance there is a bastion because of the archers aiming distance is 35 meters.

In here we are talking about the possible graveyard locations at and around Ephesus.
At the lower entrance of Ephesus there is a Gendarme checkpoint and a restaurant Tusan that part is a graveyard. 
Different time periods different locations are used as graveyards, we are not able to say for sure, this place is graveyard for always.

Is there a Gladiator Grave yard then?
Yes, behind the Stadium, Hippodrome of Ephesus there is a path going to the Grotto of Seven Sleepers, a Stoa walkway called Damianus Stoa, it's right and left sides were Gladiator graves.

​In this video he talks about Communication lines among Ephesus and other cities.
They would use high grounds and towers that can oversee other hills close to different cities such as Metropolis and Smyrna.

They would do this either with Mirror, Fire or Smoke. 
According to calculations and information could be delivered at Ephesus at least in half an hour from a 50 mile distance from Smyrna.
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Expert Level Guiding Information for Ephesus Tours - Episode 4/5

1/22/2021

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Article 4 will be about the areas he worked on excavations at Ephesus Ancient City his memories and  some unknown areas yet to be discovered.

This blog post is consisted of more personal stories so it will be interesting for not only tour guides for Ephesus but also for the general audience who is interested in discovery stories.
​
What are the effects of technology to Archaeology?
The structure he thought  was the Synagogue of Ephesus?
Stoa of Alitarc at the entrance of Ephesus Terrace Houses?
The Turkish Movie that was filmed here...
His thoughts on delivering the information to tourists

Is there a relation between Narthex plant and some ancient settlements?
The undug area across the Terrace Houses in Ephesus.
The theory of Lyzimakhos’ Villa at Ephesus Ancient City.

​

In this video he talks about how the technology and new ground surveying systems effect the new discoveries at Ephesus.
He says the old generation of archaeologists like himself look for an indication above ground such as a fraction of a wall, a column maybe a column capital.
​Then they check if the found a wall how long it goes to different directions only by excavating the area as a conventional practice.
​
But now the technology is so advanced, there is geophysics radar, geo-radar, you run that system and see how long the walls would go underneath without needing any excavation.

And he gives some interesting information about the radar scanned parts of Ephesus. 

at the Upper entrance ticket office, there is a path going towards Domitian Temple and the Terrace Houses. There has been a geo-radar ground survey practiced over there, and they found out that there is a majestic avenue underneath, the columns are still standing.
​
But I am not for it to be excavated, because the technology is in a progress and developing every day. We do not want to experience the same things that happened in Terrace Houses Unit 1.
​First you need to find the funds to preserve and restore then you should start excavating.

And on the marble street that runs along the theater, he share a story of his.
In the 80s they were excavation in here and at the end of the road he discovers a beautiful mono block marble fountain basin, just like the one in Sardis Ancient city right at Sardis Synagogue.
 It reminds him straight the Synagogue of Sardis and he reckons they found the Synagogue in Ephesus as well.
​It turns out it's just a extraordinarily beautiful road junction where they placed this fountain.

​Here we are in front of the entrance of Terrace Houses.
​And the Mosaic Floor that you see here is called Alitarces Stoa, and it was restored in 1970-72 by Cengiz İcten with Recep Kadis.

In Terrace Houses Unit 1, the ground floors are shops and stores and inside these shops there are stairs going up to second floors and residential units.

In this video he talks about an old Turkish Movie that was filmed at Ephesus titled DORUK.
In the movie that Cengiz Icten had a role, the 2 famous actors were looking for a treasure at Ephesus. And he talks about how they used these tunnels underneath the Marble Street.

In this video he talks about how to put Ephesus in a way that travelers and tourists may easily comprehend Ephesus better while they have private Ephesus Tours with a guide and can relate to the history of Ephesus a lot easier.
He suggests that not go so scientific, keep it semi-scientific.
​

In this video he talks about the unexcavated zones across the Terrace Houses.
The land between the city walls at the top and the Hadrian Temple is unexcavated.
If the area was to be excavated there would be more houses and other structures.
There is a large street on that area that runs behind the Skolastika Baths from the Curetes Street all the way behind the Theater.

While sitting at the entrance of Terrace Houses and facing to the Hill
and he indicated in the middle section on the hill some remains of a wall.
​If you look careful to that structure you can notice a different between two lines of walls.
According to latest researches by Hilketur, they suggest a theory that this could be the Villa of Lyzimakhos the founder of Ephesus a general of Alexander the Great similar to the Attolos' Houses in Pergamon (Bergama) Acropolis.

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Ephesus Tour Guides Study Trip Article 3

1/15/2021

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Article 3
Will mostly be about the Terrace Houses at Ephesus.
What is the total area that Terrace Houses cover?
What are the different time periods of Terrace Houses?
What are uses the Terrace Houses area had after inhabitance?

Who is the owner of the House at Terrace Houses Dwelling Unit 6?
Where does it say that the house was owned by that particular person?
What other names do we know stated as the owners of the houses?

Restorations at Terrace Houses
Restoration of the columns at the Courtyard at Terrace Houses Unit 6
The restorations of the Wall Paintings and the Frescoes at the Terrace Houses of Ephesus.
The protection roof project of the 1960s.
What are some of the used materials Marble?

About Details of some of the areas at the Terrace Houses in Ephesus
The Cult section at Unit 6
Where were the entrances from?
How was the lighting arranged in the Houses of Ephesus Ancient City?
​
The Terrace Houses 2 section,
4000 square meters,
3 main Terraces and 7 housing units.
There 4 streets surrounding this parcel.
Gilbert studied the Terrace Houses and in his articles he mentions these streets as the 'the Steam Street' and 'the Mill Street'.
We will talk about why these streets were named like this.

In this video he talks about the different timeline of the houses at Ephesus.
The houses vary in size and they are separated from each other.
You can also see the traces of different timelines by looking at the walls and the different materials and stuccoes used on the walls.
In this video he talks about the way that cut this specific green marble. They call it booking, like wings of a butterfly.
After the fire in 270 AD. these marble lost their colors, during the restoration they kept the space so it can be flexible in case of an earthquake.
They have B letters to indicate where they should be faced
In this video he talks about the Wall Paintings and frescoes that are seen in the Terrace Houses in Ephesus Ancient City.
the decorations on the walls including frescoes and wall paintings are not left to the artists choice so the house owner decides what he/she wants on their walls as decorations.
Some of the walls has up to 8 layers of stucco and wall paintings.
Some of them have 2 to 3 different layers from different time periods.
​

​And he talks about some of the staircases used or added in later periods
And he talks about a vault being covered and be used as a wall in a later usage period.

​And about the restoration systems
the restorators normally uses different colors to show the difference between the originals and the restored parts.
​But according to Cengiz İcten Austrian restorators at Ephesus didn't apply this system and kept it same color so it is almost impossible to distinguish the originals from the restored ones unless you are an expert.

The houses were used in earlier periods such as Hellenistic era however mostly the remains that we have are from Mid. 1st century BC, Emperor Augustus' and Tiberius' Era and Early 3rd century AD.

​There is an earthquake in Ephesus in 260sAD, most of these houses were destroyed by the earthquake so after this earthquake most of these houses were used as workshops we are going to see Mills, blacksmiths workshops and Marble Cutting Studios in the following parts.

In this video he talks about this vaulted structure at the corner.
​It is a toilet of this house. The houses had toilets. And from dwelling units we only know 2 of the names who are the proprietors.

One is this particular house owned by Gaius Flavius Aptus, another houses that we know the owner of is the Dwelling Unit 2 at the top.
And about the owner of that house Vilius Salitarius there are so many gossips written on the walls of his toilet as graffiti.
The gossips include some explicit content including his sexual preferences. 
So similar to nowadays that toilets were the locations to see such speculative messages.

In this video he talks about the inscription found over a column capital at Dwelling Unit 6 at Terrace Houses 2 and they found the name of the proprietor of the house, the inscription writes Gaius Flavius Furius Aptus.
This was one of the wealthiest families at Ephesus, he also is a priest for Dionysus Cult he is also responsible from the Upper (State) Agora of Ephesus so he has plenty of money that's why his house is 710m2.
​He has the private bath, banquet feast reception hall. This reception hall alone is 135m2.

​In this video he show where the Inscription is that writes Gaius Flavius Aptus the Dionysus priest.

In here he talks how long it took for the restoration of these columns because of the fire incident back then all marble pieces were crumbled into each other and the burnt layer of the ash made it difficult. 
​
​The pieces weren't able to be collected in an organized way. 
They were randomly put into boxes as they were found later realizing they were all pieces from different parts with varying sizes different thickness and different colors.

First they were boxed then they were categorized according to their thickness, now around %90-95 is on the tables.

They are being placed over a very robust type of paper called the honeycomb so that they can be moved easily.

Terrace Houses unit 1
In the 60s, the Austrians started excavating this area.
​They couldn't figure what it was first, and it wasn't like anything that has been found and studied much before.
​The technology was not this advanced back then so they removed some of the frescoes with plasters.
Unfortunately many valuable finds were lost and destroyed from Ephesus Terrace Houses Unit 1.
​And later in the 80s, Austrians wanted to start a new project Terrace Houses Unit 2.
Us as the official museum authority told them they can excavate but they should also be responsible of the restoration and the maintenance it needs after excavation.
​

It turned out to be something beautiful, a very good project. 
There used to be a former Roofing systems in the early years. 
​
Gilbert Wiblingert made the roof project of the Terrace House Unit 2.
​Maybe it was good or bad, but at the academy in Austria there was a competition and Gilbert's team lost after that the roofing is removed from here and this new roof system is constructed instead. 

Maybe it doesn't look very appealing from outside, looks like a greenhouse but it protects the finds at it's best potential. The researchers and restorators can work even in the winter time but 11 million US Dollars of money is spent for it. 
​
​This weakened the Austrian excavation team a little. After Krizingen period there was another competition at the academy in Austria and Sabine won that.
​And after that 11 million dollars of expense Austrians couldn't initiate another large scale project like this.

In this video he talks about the courtyard's reconstruction after the big fire in 260sAD in Ephesus.

​All of these columns were destroyed, burnt. 

After the excavation they were preserved and left for reconstruction.
Later these columns were joined back and they drilled the center of the columns to fix a metal dowel and tied to a steel construction on the floor.

At the entrance of Terrace Houses in dwelling Unit 6, one of the rooms facing to the courtyard,  the one on the right side with wall paintings, there is a Cult section in the house.
​Between the two columns probably there was a statue of a God or Goddess that this family worshiped.


In this video he talks about the illumination of the rooms and the houses at the Terrace Houses of Ephesus. The light comes through the courtyards of the Terrace houses and also up above there are glass frames. The safety is very important so the glass is not a transparent one and it has iron covers. And he talks about the swinging Door system of this particular room.
In here Mr. Icten talks about the Entrance of the Houses in Ephesus. 
The houses that are on the side of the East-side 'Steam Street' would enter from there, and the Houses on the West part would enter from 'the Mill Street'. 
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Ephesus Study Trip for Tour Guides - part 2

1/8/2021

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Here we are proceeding with our Ephesus Study Trip sequel with our 2nd post.
In this post we will share couple of videos discussing the information about Water Sources and Water Lines in Ephesus Ancient City and the Terrace Houses. 
Underground water lines and the fountain in Terrace Houses
In this video he talks about the water system in Terrace Houses 2 Dwelling Unit 6,
They found a direct water line from the Trajan Fountain to this specific House's banquet room continuing to the Vaulted Basilica structure next door where there is a pool placed to that location.
A person can enter this underground water tunnel and Mr. Icten has been there as well.

The Hellenistic fountain at the entrance of The Terrace Houses unit 2,
at the entrance before you enter while at the stairs if you look right behind the ticket booth There is an Hellenistic Fountain, so the Terrace Houses was built over that earlier Fountain.


The Private Bath at dwelling Unit 6 at Terrace Houses
there is an arched or vaulted structure here.
According to some researchers see there is a small door here.
according to some researchers originally there was no door here, later periods this area was used as storage. There is a door here, once you walk through the door on the floor you can see the earthenware pipes called Tubula. These pipes would go all the way up towards the ceiling. So we can call this a Bath Structure.

The water systems at Ephesus and the water distribution wells
​In this video he talks about the water systems.
There are 3 major water systems at Ephesus.
One of them comes from Kusadasi (Kustur area) direction, one of them comes from the inland southeastern part of Ephesus from Aydin.

Another one comes from the Northeast part of Ephesus from Belevi district.
Apart from the fountains fed by these water systems in the city, courtyards of each house have wells placed in the center. And some of the houses have the wells inside as well. These wells would supply the water needs of the household, also if you are this wealthy you can also bring water from the main water systems to your home like here.
There is one well over here in this house and according to the researchers this particular one has been used since the Hellenistic times.

And he shows the supporting marble on that well with 3 niches inside, where you release the buckets with ropes and this well goes 15 meters (45 feet) deep.

The water storage around Keci Kalesi Fortress
In this video her talks about a garrison located on the northeast side of Ephesus to protect the vicinity from a high ground hillside. There are 3 leveling pools, so the rainwater is gradually collected in three phases and get collected in the cistern. Last time he visited there it was blown up by dynamites by illegal excavation.
In the hellenistic period this garrison was very active and the soldiers would stay there with their families. And it is surrounded with protection walls with a citadel. There is a 40 ton capacity water storage carved into the bedrock and formed a cistern for harvesting the rainwater and store it in the cistern. ​

The Tunnel underneath the Marble Street
In this video he talks about the underground tunnel sewage system at the Marble street.
The dimensions are 3mt x2 mt.
It is from Hellenistic period running along the whole street.
The marble street's surface is shaped like fishback with a gradient angel at both ends to funnel the rain water.
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